have had in mind a misuse of James 2:14–26 by the Judaizers when he wrote, knowing that James in reality agreed with him in the matter (Acts 15:14–21; Gal. 2:1–10). But James clearly is not attacking Paul nor Paul’s theory of grace. He rather has in view a perversion of the Christian emphasis on the spiritual side as opposed to the ceremonial ritualism of the Pharisees. The pendulum swings from one extreme to the other. The Jews had laid too much emphasis on religious duties (cf. James 1:26), and